H.R. 1048 · 119th Congress

DETERRENT Act

Introduced on Feb 6, 2025 by Michael Baumgartner (R-WA-5). 21 cosponsors, 2 of them from another party. Latest action (Mar 31, 2025): Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Stage
Passed one chamber
Introduced
Feb 6, 2025
Cosponsors
21
2 from the other party
Policy area
Education
Open in the Congress explorerCongress.govAlert me

Progress

The furthest stage the measure reached. Simple and concurrent resolutions do not go to the President.

  1. Introduced
  2. Reported by committee
  3. Passed one chamber
  4. 4Passed both chambers
  5. 5Sent to the President
  6. 6Became law

Official title

To amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to strengthen disclosure requirements relating to foreign gifts and contracts, to prohibit contracts between institutions of higher education and certain foreign entities and countries of concern, and for other purposes.

Subjects

  • Civil actions and liability
  • Congressional oversight
  • Contracts and agency
  • Education programs funding
  • Financial services and investments
  • Government information and archives
  • Government studies and investigations
  • Higher education
  • Subversive activities
  • Teaching, teachers, curricula

Summary

By the Congressional Research Service (Introduced in House, Feb 6, 2025). Public domain.

Defending Education Transparency and Ending Rogue Regimes Engaging in Nefarious Transactions Act or the DETERRENT Act

This bill expands oversight and disclosure requirements related to foreign sources and institutions of higher education (IHEs).

Specifically, the bill requires an IHE to annually disclose to the Department of Education (ED) any year in which the IHE

  • receives a gift from a foreign country of concern (e.g., China or Russia) or foreign entity of concern of any dollar amount;
  • receives a gift or contract from a foreign source (other than a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern) that is valued at $50,000 or more, considered alone or in combination with all other gifts or contracts within a calendar year (current disclosure threshold is $250,000 or more), or which has an undetermined monetary value;
  • enters into a contract with a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern after receiving a waiver for such contract; or
  • is substantially controlled by a foreign source.

Additionally, the bill

  • prohibits IHEs from entering into contracts with a foreign country of concern or with a foreign entity of concern without obtaining a waiver,
  • requires certain IHEs to disclose gifts or contracts between covered individuals (e.g., researchers) and foreign sources, and
  • requires private IHEs with specified assets or investments to file annual investment disclosure reports.

The bill requires ED to investigate possible violations of this bill and outlines the various penalties for each violation. Penalties may include losing eligibility for federal student financial aid.

Sponsor and cosponsors

Cosponsors by party as of the day they signed on. Original cosponsors signed on the day of introduction.

Michael BaumgartnerR-WA-5Sponsor

Democrats · 2

Independents · 1

Republicans · 18

Roll calls

Recorded votes on the measure. Most measures move by voice vote or unanimous consent, which record no individual positions.

  1. On Agreeing to the Amendment
    Mar 27, 2025· House· Amendments· Failed 199–214
  2. On Agreeing to the Amendment
    Mar 27, 2025· House· Amendments· Failed 92–321
  3. On Agreeing to the Amendment
    Mar 27, 2025· House· Amendments· Failed 3–410
  4. On Agreeing to the Amendment
    Mar 27, 2025· House· Amendments· Failed 4–404
  5. On Passage
    Mar 27, 2025· House· Passage· Passed 241–169

History

Every action as published, oldest first. Roll calls link to how each member voted.

  1. Feb 6, 2025Introduced in House
  2. Feb 6, 2025Introduced in House
  3. Feb 6, 2025 · HouseReferred to the House Committee on Education and Workforce.
  4. Feb 12, 2025 · HouseCommittee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held
  5. Feb 12, 2025 · HouseOrdered to be Reported in the Nature of a Substitute (Amended) by the Yeas and Nays: 20 - 14.
  6. Mar 14, 2025Reported (Amended) by the Committee on Education and Workforce. H. Rept. 119-16.
  7. Mar 14, 2025 · HouseReported (Amended) by the Committee on Education and Workforce. H. Rept. 119-16.
  8. Mar 14, 2025 · HousePlaced on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 9.
  9. Mar 24, 2025 · HouseRules Committee Resolution H. Res. 242 Reported to House. Rule provides for consideration of H.J. Res. 24, H.J. Res. 75 and H.R. 1048. The resolution provides for consideration of H.J. Res. 24 and H.J. Res. 75 under a closed rule, and provides for consideration of H.R. 1048 under a structured rule. Also, the resolution provides for one hour of general debate and one motion to recommit on each measure.
  10. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseRule H. Res. 242 passed House.
  11. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseConsidered under the provisions of rule H. Res. 242. (consideration: CR H1241-1260)
  12. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseRule provides for consideration of H.J. Res. 24, H.J. Res. 75 and H.R. 1048. The resolution provides for consideration of H.J. Res. 24 and H.J. Res. 75 under a closed rule, and provides for consideration of H.R. 1048 under a structured rule. Also, the resolution provides for one hour of general debate and one motion to recommit on each measure.
  13. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseHouse resolved itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union pursuant to H. Res. 242 and Rule XVIII.
  14. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseThe Speaker designated the Honorable Pat Harrigan to act as Chairman of the Committee.
  15. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseGENERAL DEBATE - The Committee of the Whole proceeded with one hour of general debate on H.R. 1048.
  16. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseDEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 242, the Committee of the Whole proceeded with 10 minutes of debate on the Ogles amendment No. 1.
  17. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseDEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 242, the Committee of the Whole proceeded with 10 minutes of debate on the Ogles amendment No. 2.
  18. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseDEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 242, the Committee of the Whole proceeded with 10 minutes of debate on the Scott (VA) amendment No. 3.
  19. Mar 25, 2025 · HousePOSTPONED PROCEEDINGS - At the conclusion of debate on the Scott (VA) amendment No. 3, the Chair put the question on agreeing to the amendment and by voice vote, announced that the noes had prevailed. Mr. Scott (VA) demanded a recorded vote and the Chair postponed further proceedings until a time to be announced.
  20. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseDEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 242, the Committee of the Whole proceeded with 10 minutes of debate on the Self amendment No. 4.
  21. Mar 25, 2025 · HousePOSTPONED PROCEEDINGS - At the conclusion of debate on the Self amendment No. 4, the Chair put the question on agreeing to the amendment and by voice vote, announced that the ayes had prevailed. Mr. Scott (VA) demanded a recorded vote and the Chair postponed further proceedings until a time to be announced.
  22. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseDEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 242, the Committee of the Whole proceeded with 10 minutes of debate on the Tlaib amendment No. 5.
  23. Mar 25, 2025 · HousePOSTPONED PROCEEDINGS - At the conclusion of debate on the Tlaib amendment No. 5, the Chair put the question on agreeing to the amendment and by voice vote, announced that the noes had prevailed. Ms. Tlaib demanded a recorded vote and the Chair postponed further proceedings until a time to be announced.
  24. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseDEBATE - Pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. 242, the Committee of the Whole proceeded with 10 minutes of debate on the Tlaib amendment No. 6.
  25. Mar 25, 2025 · HousePOSTPONED PROCEEDINGS - At the conclusion of debate on the Tlaib amendment No. 6, the Chair put the question on agreeing to the amendment and by voice vote, announced that the noes had prevailed. Ms. Tlaib demanded a recorded vote and the Chair postponed further proceedings until a time to be announced.
  26. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseMr. Walberg moved that the committee rise.
  27. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseOn motion that the committee rise Agreed to by voice vote.
  28. Mar 25, 2025 · HouseCommittee of the Whole House on the state of the Union rises leaving H.R. 1048 as unfinished business.
  29. Mar 27, 2025 · HouseConsidered as unfinished business. (consideration: CR H1312-1316)
  30. Mar 27, 2025 · HouseThe House resolved into Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for further consideration.
  31. Mar 27, 2025 · HouseThe House rose from the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union to report H.R. 1048.
  32. Mar 27, 2025 · HouseThe previous question was ordered pursuant to the rule.
  33. Mar 27, 2025 · HouseThe House adopted the amendments en gros as agreed to by the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.
  34. Mar 27, 2025Passed/agreed to in House: On passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 241 - 169 (Roll no. 83).House · Roll call 83
  35. Mar 27, 2025 · HouseOn passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 241 - 169 (Roll no. 83).House · Roll call 83
  36. Mar 27, 2025 · HouseMotion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.
  37. Mar 31, 2025 · SenateReceived in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Committees

Committees and subcommittees the measure was referred to.

Agencies in its committees' jurisdiction

Analisa's mapping of committee jurisdiction to federal agencies; the bill may touch others, or none of these.

Who lobbied on it

Organizations whose lobbying reports (LD-2) name this measure. Spending is what they reported for those quarters on all issues, not on this measure alone.

  1. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY9 reports
    $810K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY$30.2M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  2. American Council on Education6 reports
    $328K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION$5M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  3. Association of American Medical Colleges6 reports
    $4.4M reported (all issues)Federal contractor: ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGESAI match · 100%
  4. COUNCIL FOR ADVANCEMENT AND SUPPORT OF EDUCATION6 reports
    $240K reported (all issues)
  5. Cornell University6 reports
    $1.6M reported (all issues)Federal contractor: CORNELL UNIVERSITY$4.4M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  6. FDD Action6 reports
    $1.3M reported (all issues)
  7. J STREET6 reports
    $1.1M reported (all issues)
  8. NATIONAL ASSN OF INDEPENDENT COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES6 reports
    $810K reported (all issues)
  9. New York University6 reports
    $1.2M reported (all issues)Federal contractor: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY$10.3M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  10. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY6 reports
    $1.1M reported (all issues)
  11. REPUBLICAN JEWISH COALITION6 reports
    $600K reported (all issues)
  12. RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY6 reports
    $600K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY$15.3M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  13. UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND6 reports
    $181K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLANDAI match · 100%
  14. University of California6 reports
    $5.2M reported (all issues)
  15. University of Michigan6 reports
    $1M reported (all issues)Federal contractor: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGANAI match · 100%
  16. The University of North Carolina System5 reports
    $575K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SYSTEM OFFICEAI match · 100%
  17. Association of American Universities4 reports
    $469.1K reported (all issues)
  18. BOSTON UNIVERSITY4 reports
    $250K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: BOSTON UNIVERSITY, TRUSTEES OFAI match · 100%
  19. HARVARD UNIVERSITY--PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE4 reports
    $930K reported (all issues)
  20. The University of Florida Board of Trustees4 reports
    $1M reported (all issues)Federal contractor: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA$11.2M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 95%
  21. MIDDLE EAST FORUM3 reports
    $100K reported (all issues)
  22. Stony Brook University, SUNY Stony Brook3 reports
    $380K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY HOSP$324.2K in contracts, FY2026AI match · 94%
  23. Vanderbilt University3 reports
    $700K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY$1.6M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  24. YALE UNIVERSITY3 reports
    $800K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: YALE UNIVERSITY$448.7K in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  25. BOARD OF REGENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SYSTEM2 reports
    $201K reported (all issues)
  26. California State University, Fullerton2 reports
    $30K reported (all issues)
  27. College of William & Mary2 reports
    $40K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY$32.9K in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  28. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE2 reports
    $265.4K reported (all issues)
  29. NORTHWESTERN UNIV2 reports
    $913K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY$7.5M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%
  30. Stanford University2 reports
    $330K reported (all issues)
  31. THE JEWISH FEDERATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA2 reports
    $386.6K reported (all issues)
  32. AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION1 report
    $10K reported (all issues)
  33. AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE1 report
    $963.1K reported (all issues)
  34. Anti-Defamation League1 report
    $320K reported (all issues)
  35. Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE)1 report
    $15K reported (all issues)
  36. Heritage Action for America1 report
    $100K reported (all issues)
  37. NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION1 report
    $700K reported (all issues)
  38. National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO)1 report
    $44.6K reported (all issues)
  39. TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL U.S. (A PROJECT OF THE FUND FOR CONSTITUTIONAL GOVT)1 report
    $40K reported (all issues)
  40. The Pennsylvania State University1 report
    $130K reported (all issues)Federal contractor: THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY$415.5M in contracts, FY2026AI match · 100%

Reports filed in 2025, 2026.

Sources and method

Every figure on this page traces to these records.

  • Bill status: bills and resolutions, sponsors, actions, subjects and CRS summaries (U.S. Government Publishing Office (GovInfo), from Congress.gov (Library of Congress))GovInfo Bill Status bulk data (Congress.gov; summaries by the Congressional Research Service) · data current to Oct 6, 2026 · loaded Oct 6, 2026 · license: Public domain (U.S. Government work, 17 U.S.C. § 105)
  • Members of Congress, their terms, committees and identifiers (The @unitedstates project (from the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, the House and the Senate))unitedstates/congress-legislators: legislators, committees and current committee membership · data current to Oct 3, 2026 · loaded Oct 3, 2026 · license: CC0 1.0 (public domain dedication)
  • House roll-call votes (Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, roll-call vote records · data current to Oct 3, 2026 · loaded Oct 3, 2026 · license: Public domain (U.S. Government work, 17 U.S.C. § 105)
  • Senate roll-call votes and DW-NOMINATE scores (Voteview (UCLA Department of Political Science))Lewis, Jeffrey B., Keith Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Adam Boche, Aaron Rudkin, and Luke Sonnet (2026). Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. https://voteview.com/ · data current to Oct 3, 2026 · loaded Oct 3, 2026 · license: Free to use with the required citation
  • Lobbying disclosures (LD-1 registrations, LD-2 quarterly reports, LD-203 contribution reports) (Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives)Clerk of the House, Lobbying Disclosure Act filings (organizations only; lobbyists' names are not loaded) · data current to Oct 6, 2026 · loaded Oct 6, 2026 · license: Public domain (U.S. Government work, 17 U.S.C. § 105)
  • Positions are shown only where a roll call recorded them; voice votes and unanimous consent record none.
  • Money and votes are shown side by side; neither explains the other.